Forced child marriage

What are the causes of forced child marriage?

Despite laws against forced child marriage in most countries, various exceptions to the minimum age undermine these laws and make them difficult to enforce. Exceptions include parental consent, authorisation of the court, or local customary or religious laws.

The reasons for child marriage differ from country to country, but in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia – where the practice is most widespread – the key drivers are gender inequality, and poverty.

Gender inequality

Deep-rooted patriarchal beliefs, the low value placed on girls, and the desire to control women, especially girls' sexuality, underlie child marriage.

Social expectations and norms around the world expect girls to become wives and mothers, and in poorer communities with limited opportunities for education and work it may seem like the alternatives are limited. Even if opportunities are available, social norms that value boys over girls and support rigid gender roles means parents might not think it worthwhile investing in their daughter’s education.

Forced child marriage is also closely linked to female genital mutilation (FGM) – the partial or full cutting of a girl’s clitoris and labia for non-medical reasons – which is considered essential for marriage in many communities, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.

The social stigma of not following tradition ensures the practice continues.

Poverty

Poverty is the other major driver. In Africa, for example, girls from the poorest households are twice as likely to marry before age 18, as girls from the richest households. Similarly, girls in rural areas are twice as likely to become child brides as girls from urban areas.

For poor families with many children, marrying their daughter off early can mean one less mouth to feed. In addition, there is also a financial aspect due to dowry and bride price traditions.

What are the effects of forced child marriage?

Forced child marriage is an act of violence and a violation of girls’ rights. It denies them their childhood, the chance to go to school, to be independent and to choose their own future.

Extremely vulnerable to violence

Girls who marry as children are often married to older men, which intensifies power imbalances in the relationship. Subordinate to their husbands and families, domestic violence by an intimate partner is more prevalent and more severe amongst girls who marry as children, than amongst women who provide informed consent to marry.9

For many girls child marriage subjects them to rape and abuse for the rest of their lives. Isolated from friends and family they have limited means to get support or share what they are going through.

Health and lives at risk

With limited education and decision-making power, girls are not in a position to influence decisions over safe sex and family planning, which puts them at high risk of sexually transmitted diseases including HIV, and of giving birth before their bodies are ready.

Girls are physically unprepared for childbirth, because of the restrictions in movement they face as a girl-child in their community, lack of access to sexual and reproductive health and rights information, as well as not being biologically mature enough to give birth.

Early childbearing puts girls’ lives at risk, and increases the chance of stillbirth, infant mortality, and disabling complications for the mother such as obstetric fistula.

Globally, 21 million girls aged between 15 and 19 give birth each year.10 70,000 girls die during pregnancy and childbirth. This makes complications during pregnancy and childbirth the second highest cause of death for girls aged 15-19 worldwide.11

For girls who have also had female genital mutilation (FGM), sex and giving birth can be excruciatingly painful, and they are at far higher risk of complications from childbirth.

Education cut short

When girls' education is cut short, girls lose the chance to learn the knowledge and skills they need to secure a good job and provide for themselves and their families. Girls who have little or no education are up to six times more likely to be married as children than girls who have secondary schooling.

They also lose the opportunity to be empowered, make friends, and develop social networks and confidence that will help them stand up for their own interests.

As a result, millions of girls continue to be held back and remain living in poverty.

How ActionAid is working to stop forced child marriage

ActionAid works to end forced child marriage in 17 countries across South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Our local staff tackle it on many fronts – from bringing perpetrators to justice, to changing minds and behaviours in local communities, to campaigning at a regional, national and international level to influence policies and legislation to end violence against girls.

ActionAid trains and supports local networks of women and men to reach out to their neighbours, families, officials and village leaders to highlight the negative effects of early, forced child marriage and pregnancy, and how keeping girls in school can benefit the whole community.

Educated girls are better equipped to contribute to their own well-being and that of their future families, and contribute to reducing poverty in their communities and countries as a whole.

The community-led anti-violence teams (COMBAT) confront the perpetrators of forced child marriage directly, either face to face or through formal letters, and work to ensure girls at risk are returned to their families. If captors do not co-operate, the teams work with the authorities to bring them to justice.

ActionAid trains female teachers to run girls’ clubs in schools and communities, to empower girls to understand and live out their rights, including saying no to forced child marriage. The women are role models to the girls, showing them that finishing their education is possible.

Bespoke solutions for different communities

Because the way that children are married off varies from country to country, it is vital to work with communities to find specific solutions to protect girls becoming child brides.

For example, in the Upper West Region of Ghana, many teenage girls are being violently abducted on their way to school to be forced into child marriage. Local ActionAid staff reports that more than 50 girls a year are being taken.

Girls are most at risk during rainy season, when they must walk through fields of long grass to get to school. Men are often waiting to capture them, and take them by motorbike to faraway villages when they least expect it.

One initiative ActionAid is using to prevent this happening, with great success, is giving bicycles to girls at risk of forced marriage. The bikes have two functions: personal safety – the bikes cut down the girls’ long and dangerous route to school, and the ActionAid stamp deters abductors from harming them, and secondly – with a faster journey, more girls are staying in school, and girls in education are less likely to be married young.